Cesses and surcharges aren't shared with states under the Finance Commission formula. Their share of gross central tax revenue rose from roughly 8% in 2004 to ~29% by 2024. This is a direct mechanism of fiscal centralisation, separate from changes in nominal devolution rates.
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This is one of 36 standing analyses drawn from the Some Perspective dataset. It is not dated commentary: it describes a relationship in the data that holds across the series, and it is regenerated whenever the underlying dataset is refreshed. The figures quoted here reflect the 2026-08-15 data vintage.